ObjectStateFormatter.cs :  » 2.6.4-mono-.net-core » System.Web » System » Web » UI » C# / CSharp Open Source

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C# / CSharp Open Source » 2.6.4 mono .net core » System.Web 
System.Web » System » Web » UI » ObjectStateFormatter.cs
//
// System.Web.UI.ObjectStateFormatter
//
// Authors:
//  Ben Maurer (bmaurer@users.sourceforge.net)
//  Gonzalo Paniagua (gonzalo@ximian.com)
//
// (C) 2003 Ben Maurer
// (c) Copyright 2004-2010 Novell, Inc. (http://www.novell.com)
//

//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
// a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
// permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
// the following conditions:
// 
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
// included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
// 
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
// EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
// NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
// LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
// OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
// WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
//

//#define TRACE

using System.Collections;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Drawing;
using System.IO;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary;
using System.Runtime.Serialization;
using System.Text;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
using System.Web.Util;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Web.Configuration;

namespace System.Web.UI{
  public sealed class ObjectStateFormatter : IFormatter, IStateFormatter
  {
    Page page;
    HashAlgorithm algo;
    byte [] vkey;

    public ObjectStateFormatter ()
    {
    }
    
    internal ObjectStateFormatter (Page page)
    {
      this.page = page;
    }

    internal ObjectStateFormatter (byte [] vkey)
    {
      this.vkey = vkey;
    }
    
    internal bool EnableMac {
      get {
        if (page == null) {
          if (vkey == null)
            return false;
          return true;
        } else        
          return page.EnableViewStateMac;
      }
    }

    internal HashAlgorithm GetAlgo ()
    {
      if (algo != null)
        return algo;
      if (!EnableMac)
        return null;
      
      byte [] algoKey;
      if (page != null) {
        MachineKeySection mconfig = (MachineKeySection) WebConfigurationManager.GetWebApplicationSection ("system.web/machineKey");
        algoKey = MachineKeySectionUtils.ValidationKeyBytes (mconfig);
      } else
        algoKey = vkey;

      algo = new HMACSHA1 (algoKey);
      return algo;
    }

    static int ValidateInput (HashAlgorithm algo, byte [] data, int offset, int size)
    {
      if (algo == null)
        throw new HttpException ("Unable to validate data.");
      
      int hash_size = algo.HashSize / 8;
      if (size != 0 && size < hash_size)
        throw new HttpException ("Unable to validate data.");

      int data_length = size - hash_size;
      MemoryStream data_stream = new MemoryStream (data, offset, data_length, false, false);
      byte [] hash = algo.ComputeHash (data_stream);
      for (int i = 0; i < hash_size; i++) {
        if (hash [i] != data [data_length + i])
          throw new HttpException ("Unable to validate data.");
      }
      return data_length;
    }
    
    public object Deserialize (Stream inputStream)
    {
      if (inputStream == null)
        throw new ArgumentNullException ("inputStream");

      return DeserializeObject (new BinaryReader (inputStream));
    }
    
    public object Deserialize (string inputString)
    {
      if (inputString == null)
        throw new ArgumentNullException ("inputString");
      if (inputString.Length == 0)
        throw new ArgumentNullException ("inputString");

      byte [] buffer = Convert.FromBase64String (inputString);
      int length;
      if (buffer == null || (length = buffer.Length) == 0)
        throw new ArgumentNullException ("inputString");
      if (page != null && EnableMac)
        length = ValidateInput (GetAlgo (), buffer, 0, length);

      bool isEncrypted = ((int)buffer [--length] == 1)? true : false;
      Stream ms = new MemoryStream (buffer, 0, length, false, false);
      if (isEncrypted)
        ms = new CryptoStream (ms, page.GetCryptoTransform (CryptoStreamMode.Read), CryptoStreamMode.Read);
      return Deserialize (ms);
    }
    
    public string Serialize (object stateGraph)
    {
      if (stateGraph == null)
        return String.Empty;
      
      MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream ();
      Stream output = ms;
      bool needEncryption = page == null ? false : page.NeedViewStateEncryption;
      if (needEncryption){
        output = new CryptoStream (output, page.GetCryptoTransform (CryptoStreamMode.Write), CryptoStreamMode.Write);
      }
      Serialize (output, stateGraph);
      ms.WriteByte((byte)(needEncryption? 1 : 0));      
#if TRACE
      ms.WriteTo (File.OpenWrite (Path.GetTempFileName ()));
#endif
      if (EnableMac && ms.Length > 0) {
        HashAlgorithm algo = GetAlgo ();
        if (algo != null) {
          byte [] hash = algo.ComputeHash (ms.GetBuffer (), 0, (int) ms.Length);
          ms.Write (hash, 0, hash.Length);
        }
        
      }
      return Convert.ToBase64String (ms.GetBuffer (), 0, (int) ms.Length);
    }
    
    public void Serialize (Stream outputStream, object stateGraph)
    {
      if (outputStream == null)
        throw new ArgumentNullException ("outputStream");

      if (stateGraph == null)
        throw new ArgumentNullException ("stateGraph");

      SerializeValue (new BinaryWriter (outputStream), stateGraph);
    }
    
    void SerializeValue (BinaryWriter w, object o)
    {
      ObjectFormatter.WriteObject (w, o, new WriterContext ());
    }
    
    object DeserializeObject (BinaryReader r)
    {
      return ObjectFormatter.ReadObject (r, new ReaderContext ());
    }
    
#region IFormatter
    
    object IFormatter.Deserialize (Stream serializationStream)
    {
      return Deserialize (serializationStream);
    }
    
    void IFormatter.Serialize (Stream serializationStream, object stateGraph)
    {
      Serialize (serializationStream, stateGraph);
    }
    
    SerializationBinder IFormatter.Binder {
      get { return null; }
      set { }
    }
    
    StreamingContext IFormatter.Context {
      get { return new StreamingContext (StreamingContextStates.All); }
      set { }
    }
    
    ISurrogateSelector IFormatter.SurrogateSelector {
      get { return null; }
      set { }
    }
    
#endregion

#region Object Readers/Writers
    
    sealed class WriterContext
    {
      Hashtable cache;
      short nextKey = 0;
      short key = 0;

      public short Key {
        get { return key; }
      }

      public bool RegisterCache (object o)
      {
        if (nextKey == short.MaxValue)
          return false;

        if (cache == null) {
          cache = new Hashtable ();
          cache.Add (o, key = nextKey++);
          return false;
        }
        
        object posKey = cache [o];
        if (posKey == null) {
          cache.Add (o, key = nextKey++);
          return false;
        }
        
        key = (short) posKey;
        return true;
      }
    }
    
    sealed class ReaderContext
    {
      ArrayList cache;
      
      public void CacheItem (object o)
      {
        if (cache == null)
          cache = new ArrayList ();
        
        cache.Add (o);
      }
      
      public object GetCache (short key)
      {
        return cache [key];
      }
    }
    
    abstract class ObjectFormatter
    {
      static readonly Hashtable writeMap = new Hashtable ();
      static ObjectFormatter [] readMap = new ObjectFormatter [256];
      static BinaryObjectFormatter binaryObjectFormatter;
      static TypeFormatter typeFormatter;
      static EnumFormatter enumFormatter;
      static SingleRankArrayFormatter singleRankArrayFormatter;
      static TypeConverterFormatter typeConverterFormatter;
      
      static ObjectFormatter ()
      {      
        new StringFormatter ().Register ();
        new Int64Formatter ().Register ();
        new Int32Formatter ().Register ();
        new Int16Formatter ().Register ();
        new ByteFormatter ().Register ();
        new BooleanFormatter ().Register ();
        new CharFormatter ().Register ();
        new DateTimeFormatter ().Register ();
        new PairFormatter ().Register ();
        new TripletFormatter ().Register ();
        new ArrayListFormatter ().Register ();
        new HashtableFormatter ().Register ();
        new ObjectArrayFormatter ().Register ();
        new UnitFormatter ().Register ();
        new FontUnitFormatter ().Register ();
        new IndexedStringFormatter ().Register ();
        new ColorFormatter ().Register ();

        enumFormatter = new EnumFormatter ();
        enumFormatter.Register ();

        typeFormatter = new TypeFormatter ();
        typeFormatter.Register ();

        singleRankArrayFormatter = new SingleRankArrayFormatter ();
        singleRankArrayFormatter.Register ();

        typeConverterFormatter = new TypeConverterFormatter ();
        typeConverterFormatter.Register ();

        binaryObjectFormatter = new BinaryObjectFormatter ();
        binaryObjectFormatter.Register ();
      }
    
      // 0 == null
      static byte nextId = 1;
      
      public ObjectFormatter ()
      {
        PrimaryId = nextId ++;
        if (NumberOfIds == 1)
          return;
        
        SecondaryId = nextId ++;
        if (NumberOfIds == 2)
          return;
        
        TertiaryId = nextId ++;
        if (NumberOfIds == 3)
          return;
        
        throw new Exception ();
      }
      
      protected readonly byte PrimaryId, SecondaryId = 255, TertiaryId = 255;
      
      protected abstract void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx);
      protected abstract object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx);
      protected abstract Type Type { get; }
      protected virtual int NumberOfIds { get { return 1; } }
      
      public virtual void Register ()
      {
        writeMap [Type] = this;
        readMap [PrimaryId] = this;
        if (SecondaryId != 255) {
          readMap [SecondaryId] = this;
          if (TertiaryId != 255)
            readMap [TertiaryId] = this;
        }
      }
      
      public static void WriteObject (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
#if TRACE && !TARGET_J2EE
        if (o != null) {
          Trace.WriteLine (String.Format ("Writing {0} (type: {1})", o, o.GetType ()));
          Trace.Indent ();
        } else {
          Trace.WriteLine ("Writing null");
        }
        long pos = w.BaseStream.Position;
#endif
        
        if (o == null) {
          w.Write ((byte) 0);
          return;
        }
        
        Type t = o.GetType ();
#if TRACE
        Trace.WriteLine (String.Format ("Looking up formatter for type {0}", t));
#endif

        ObjectFormatter fmt = writeMap [t] as ObjectFormatter;
#if TRACE
        Trace.WriteLine (String.Format ("Formatter from writeMap: '{0}'", fmt));
#endif
        if (fmt == null) {
          // Handle abstract types here
          
          if (o is Type)
            fmt = typeFormatter;
          else if (t.IsEnum)
            fmt = enumFormatter;
          else if (t.IsArray && ((Array) o).Rank == 1)
            fmt = singleRankArrayFormatter;
          else {
            TypeConverter converter;
            converter = TypeDescriptor.GetConverter (o);
#if TRACE
            Trace.WriteLine (String.Format ("Type converter: '{0}' (to string: {1}; from {2}: {3})",
                    converter,
                    converter != null ? converter.CanConvertTo (typeof (string)) : false,
                    t,
                    converter != null ? converter.CanConvertFrom (t) : false));
#endif
            // Do not use the converter if it's an instance of
            // TypeConverter itself - it reports it is able to
            // convert to string, but it's only a conversion
            // consisting of a call to ToString() with no
            // reverse conversion supported. This leads to
            // problems when deserializing the object.
            if (converter == null || converter.GetType () == typeof (TypeConverter) ||
                !converter.CanConvertTo (typeof (string)) || !converter.CanConvertFrom (typeof (string)))
              fmt = binaryObjectFormatter;
            else {
              typeConverterFormatter.Converter = converter;
              fmt = typeConverterFormatter;
            }
          }
        }

#if TRACE
        Trace.WriteLine (String.Format ("Writing with formatter '{0}'", fmt.GetType ()));
#endif
        fmt.Write (w, o, ctx);
#if TRACE && !TARGET_J2EE
        Trace.Unindent ();
        Trace.WriteLine (String.Format ("Wrote {0} (type: {1}) {2} bytes", o, o.GetType (), w.BaseStream.Position - pos));
#endif
      }
      
      public static object ReadObject (BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        byte sig = r.ReadByte ();
        
        if (sig == 0)
          return null;
        
        return readMap [sig].Read (sig, r, ctx);
      }
      
      protected void Write7BitEncodedInt (BinaryWriter w, int value)
      {
        do {
          int high = (value >> 7) & 0x01ffffff;
          byte b = (byte)(value & 0x7f);
  
          if (high != 0)
            b = (byte)(b | 0x80);
  
          w.Write(b);
          value = high;
        } while(value != 0);
      }
      
      protected int Read7BitEncodedInt (BinaryReader r)
      {
        int ret = 0;
        int shift = 0;
        byte b;
  
        do {
          b = r.ReadByte();
          
          ret = ret | ((b & 0x7f) << shift);
          shift += 7;
        } while ((b & 0x80) == 0x80);
  
        return ret;
      }
    }
    
#region Primitive Formatters
    class StringFormatter : ObjectFormatter
    {
      protected override void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
        if (ctx.RegisterCache (o)) {
          w.Write (SecondaryId);
          w.Write (ctx.Key);
        } else {
          w.Write (PrimaryId);
          w.Write ((string)o);
        }
      }
      
      protected override object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        if (token == PrimaryId) {
          string s = r.ReadString ();
          ctx.CacheItem (s);
          return s;
        } else {
          return ctx.GetCache (r.ReadInt16 ());
        }
      }
      protected override Type Type {
        get { return typeof (string); }
      }
      
      protected override int NumberOfIds {
        get { return 2; }
      }
    }

    class IndexedStringFormatter : StringFormatter
    {
      protected override void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
        IndexedString s = o as IndexedString;

        if (s == null)
          throw new InvalidOperationException ("object is not of the IndexedString type");
        
        base.Write (w, s.Value, ctx);
      }
      
      protected override object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        string s = base.Read (token, r, ctx) as string;
        if (String.IsNullOrEmpty (s))
          throw new InvalidOperationException ("string must not be null or empty.");
        
        return new IndexedString (s);
      }
      
      protected override Type Type {
        get { return typeof (IndexedString); }
      }
      
      protected override int NumberOfIds {
        get { return 2; }
      }
    }
    
    class Int64Formatter : ObjectFormatter
    {
      protected override void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
        w.Write (PrimaryId);
        w.Write ((long)o);
      }
      
      protected override object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        return r.ReadInt64 ();
      }
      protected override Type Type {
        get { return typeof (long); }
      }
    }
    
    class Int32Formatter : ObjectFormatter
    {
      protected override void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
        int i = (int) o;
        if ((int)(byte) i == i) {
          w.Write (SecondaryId);
          w.Write ((byte) i);
        } else {
          w.Write (PrimaryId);
          w.Write (i);
        }
      }
      
      protected override object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        if (token == PrimaryId)
          return r.ReadInt32 ();
        else
          return (int) r.ReadByte ();
      }
      
      protected override Type Type {
        get { return typeof (int); }
      }
      
      protected override int NumberOfIds {
        get { return 2; }
      }
    }
    
    class Int16Formatter : ObjectFormatter
    {
      protected override void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
        w.Write (PrimaryId);
        w.Write ((short)o);
      }
      
      protected override object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        return r.ReadInt16 ();
      }

      protected override Type Type {
        get { return typeof (short); }
      }
    }
    
    class ByteFormatter : ObjectFormatter
    {
      protected override void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
        w.Write (PrimaryId);
        w.Write ((byte)o);
      }
      
      protected override object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        return r.ReadByte ();
      }

      protected override Type Type {
        get { return typeof (byte); }
      }
    }
    
    class BooleanFormatter : ObjectFormatter
    {
      protected override void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
        if ((bool)o == true)
          w.Write (PrimaryId);
        else
          w.Write (SecondaryId);
      }
      
      protected override object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        return token == PrimaryId;
      }
      
      protected override Type Type {
        get { return typeof (bool); }
      }
      
      protected override int NumberOfIds {
        get { return 2; }
      }
    }
    
    class CharFormatter : ObjectFormatter
    {
      protected override void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
        w.Write (PrimaryId);
        w.Write ((char) o);
      }
      
      protected override object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        return r.ReadChar ();
      }
      
      protected override Type Type {
        get { return typeof (char); }
      }
    }
    
    class DateTimeFormatter : ObjectFormatter
    {
      protected override void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
        w.Write (PrimaryId);
        w.Write (((DateTime) o).Ticks);
      }
      
      protected override object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        return new DateTime (r.ReadInt64 ());
      }
      
      protected override Type Type {
        get { return typeof (DateTime); }
      }
    }
    
    class PairFormatter : ObjectFormatter
    {
      protected override void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
        Pair p = (Pair) o;
        w.Write (PrimaryId);
        WriteObject (w, p.First, ctx);
        WriteObject (w, p.Second, ctx);
      }
      
      protected override object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        Pair p = new Pair ();
        p.First = ReadObject (r, ctx);
        p.Second = ReadObject (r, ctx);
        return p;
      }
      
      protected override Type Type {
        get { return typeof (Pair); }
      }
    }
    
    class TripletFormatter : ObjectFormatter
    {
      protected override void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
        Triplet t = (Triplet) o;
        w.Write (PrimaryId);
        WriteObject (w, t.First, ctx);
        WriteObject (w, t.Second, ctx);
        WriteObject (w, t.Third, ctx);
      }
      
      protected override object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        Triplet t = new Triplet ();
        t.First = ReadObject (r, ctx);
        t.Second = ReadObject (r, ctx);
        t.Third = ReadObject (r, ctx);
        return t;
      }
      
      protected override Type Type {
        get { return typeof (Triplet); }
      }
    }
    
    class ArrayListFormatter : ObjectFormatter
    {
      protected override void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
        ArrayList l = (ArrayList) o;
        
        w.Write (PrimaryId);
        Write7BitEncodedInt (w, l.Count);
        for (int i = 0; i < l.Count; i++)
          WriteObject (w, l [i], ctx);
      }
      
      protected override object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        int len = Read7BitEncodedInt (r);
        ArrayList l = new ArrayList (len);
        
        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
          l.Add (ReadObject (r, ctx));
        
        return l;
      }
      
      protected override Type Type {
        get { return typeof (ArrayList); }
      }
    }
    
    class HashtableFormatter : ObjectFormatter
    {
      protected override void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
        Hashtable ht = (Hashtable) o;
        
        w.Write (PrimaryId);
        Write7BitEncodedInt (w, ht.Count);
        foreach (DictionaryEntry de in ht) {
          WriteObject (w, de.Key, ctx);
          WriteObject (w, de.Value, ctx);
        }
      }
      
      protected override object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        int len = Read7BitEncodedInt (r);
        Hashtable ht = new Hashtable (len);
        
        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
          object key = ReadObject (r, ctx);
          object val = ReadObject (r, ctx);
          
          ht.Add (key, val);
        }
        
        return ht;
      }
      
      protected override Type Type {
        get { return typeof (Hashtable); }
      }
    }
    
    class ObjectArrayFormatter : ObjectFormatter
    {
      protected override void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
        object [] val = (object []) o;
        
        w.Write (PrimaryId);
        Write7BitEncodedInt (w, val.Length);
        for (int i = 0; i < val.Length; i++)
          WriteObject (w, val [i], ctx);
      }
      
      protected override object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        int len = Read7BitEncodedInt (r);
        object [] ret = new object [len];
        
        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
          ret [i] = ReadObject (r, ctx);
        
        return ret;
      }
      
      protected override Type Type {
        get { return typeof (object []); }
      }
    }
    
#endregion
    
#region System.Web Optimizations
    class ColorFormatter : ObjectFormatter
    {
      protected override void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
        Color c = (Color) o;
        
        if (c.IsEmpty || c.IsKnownColor) {
          w.Write (SecondaryId);
          if (c.IsEmpty)
            w.Write (-1); //isempty marker
          else
            w.Write ((int) c.ToKnownColor ());
        } else {
          w.Write (PrimaryId);
          w.Write (c.ToArgb ());
        }
      }
      
      protected override object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        int value = r.ReadInt32 ();
        if (token == PrimaryId)
          return Color.FromArgb (value);
        else {
          if (value == -1) //isempty marker
            return Color.Empty;
          return Color.FromKnownColor ((KnownColor)value);
        }
      }
      
      protected override Type Type {
        get { return typeof (Color); }
      }
      
      protected override int NumberOfIds {
        get { return 2; }
      }
    }
    
#endregion
    
#region Special Formatters
    class EnumFormatter : ObjectFormatter
    {
      protected override void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
        object value = Convert.ChangeType (o, ((Enum) o).GetTypeCode ());
        w.Write (PrimaryId);
        WriteObject (w, o.GetType (), ctx);
        WriteObject (w, value, ctx);
      }
      
      protected override object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        Type t = (Type) ReadObject (r, ctx);
        object value = ReadObject (r, ctx);
        
        return Enum.ToObject (t, value);
      }

      protected override Type Type {
        get { return typeof (Enum); }
      }
    }
    
    class TypeFormatter : ObjectFormatter
    {
      protected override void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
        if (ctx.RegisterCache (o)) {
          w.Write (SecondaryId);
          w.Write (ctx.Key);
        } else {
          w.Write (PrimaryId);
          w.Write (((Type) o).FullName);

          // We should cache the name of the assembly
          w.Write (((Type) o).Assembly.FullName);
        }
      }
      
      protected override object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        if (token == PrimaryId) {
          string type = r.ReadString ();
          string assembly = r.ReadString ();
          Type t = Assembly.Load (assembly).GetType (type);
          ctx.CacheItem (t);
          return t;
        } else {
          return ctx.GetCache (r.ReadInt16 ());
        }
      }
      
      protected override Type Type {
        get { return typeof (Type); }
      }
      
      protected override int NumberOfIds {
        get { return 2; }
      }
    }
    
    class SingleRankArrayFormatter : ObjectFormatter
    {
      readonly BinaryFormatter _binaryFormatter = new BinaryFormatter ();

      protected override void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
        Array val = (Array) o;
        if (val.GetType ().GetElementType ().IsPrimitive) {
          w.Write (SecondaryId);
          _binaryFormatter.Serialize (w.BaseStream, o);
          return;
        }
        
        w.Write (PrimaryId);
        WriteObject (w, val.GetType ().GetElementType (), ctx);
        
        Write7BitEncodedInt (w, val.Length);
        for (int i = 0; i < val.Length; i++)
          WriteObject (w, val.GetValue (i), ctx);
      }
      
      protected override object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        if (token == SecondaryId)
          return _binaryFormatter.Deserialize (r.BaseStream);
        Type t = (Type) ReadObject (r, ctx);
        int len = Read7BitEncodedInt (r);
        Array val = Array.CreateInstance (t, len);
        
        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
          val.SetValue (ReadObject (r, ctx), i);
        
        return val;
      }
      
      protected override Type Type {
        get { return typeof (Array); }
      }

      protected override int NumberOfIds {
        get { return 2; }
      }
    }
    
    class FontUnitFormatter : StringFormatter
    {
      protected override void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
        base.Write (w, o.ToString (), ctx);
      }
      
      protected override object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        return FontUnit.Parse ((string) base.Read (token, r, ctx));
      }
      
      protected override Type Type {
        get { return typeof (FontUnit); }
      }
    }

    class UnitFormatter : StringFormatter
    {
      protected override void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
        base.Write (w, o.ToString (), ctx);
      }
      
      protected override object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        return Unit.Parse ((string) base.Read (token, r, ctx));
      }
      
      protected override Type Type {
        get { return typeof (Unit); }
      }
    }

    class TypeConverterFormatter : StringFormatter
    {
      TypeConverter converter;

      protected override void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
        w.Write (PrimaryId);
        ObjectFormatter.WriteObject (w, o.GetType (), ctx);
        string v = (string) converter.ConvertTo (null, Helpers.InvariantCulture,
                   o, typeof (string));
        base.Write (w, v, ctx);
      }
      
      protected override object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        Type t = (Type) ObjectFormatter.ReadObject (r, ctx);
        converter = TypeDescriptor.GetConverter (t);
        token = r.ReadByte ();
        string v = (string) base.Read (token, r, ctx);
        return converter.ConvertFrom (null, Helpers.InvariantCulture, v);
      }
      
      protected override Type Type {
        get { return typeof (TypeConverter); }
      }

      public TypeConverter Converter {
        set { converter = value; }
      }
    }

    class BinaryObjectFormatter : ObjectFormatter
    {
      protected override void Write (BinaryWriter w, object o, WriterContext ctx)
      {
        w.Write (PrimaryId);
        
        MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream (128);
        new BinaryFormatter ().Serialize (ms, o);
        
        byte [] buf = ms.GetBuffer ();
        Write7BitEncodedInt (w, buf.Length);
        w.Write (buf, 0, buf.Length);
      }
      
      protected override object Read (byte token, BinaryReader r, ReaderContext ctx)
      {
        int len = Read7BitEncodedInt (r);
        byte [] buf = r.ReadBytes (len);
        if (buf.Length != len)
          throw new Exception ();
        
        return new BinaryFormatter ().Deserialize (new MemoryStream (buf));
      }
      
      protected override Type Type {
        get { return typeof (object); }
      }
    }
    
#endregion
    
#endregion
  }
}
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